Humans are a puzzling species. On the one hand, we struggle to survive on our own in the wild, often failing to overcome even basic challenges, like obtaining food, building shelters, or avoiding predators. On the other hand, human groups have produced ingenious technologies, sophisticated languages, and complex institutions that have permitted us to successfully expand into a vast range of diverse environments. What has enabled us to dominate the globe, more than any other species, while remaining virtually helpless as lone individuals? This book shows that the secret of our success lies not in our innate intelligence, but in our collective brains--on the ability of human groups to socially interconnect and learn from one another over generations.
Drawing insights from lost European explorers, clever chimpanzees, mobile hunter-gatherers, neuroscientific findings, ancient bones, and the human genome, Joseph Henrich demonstrates how our collective brains have propelled our species' genetic evolution and shaped our biology. Our early capacities for learning from others produced many cultural innovations, such as fire, cooking, water containers, plant knowledge, and projectile weapons, which in turn drove the expansion of our brains and altered our physiology, anatomy, and psychology in crucial ways. Later on, some collective brains generated and recombined powerful concepts, such as the lever, wheel, screw, and writing, while also creating the institutions that continue to alter our motivations and perceptions. Henrich shows how our genetics and biology are inextricably interwoven with cultural evolution, and how culture-gene interactions launched our species on an extraordinary evolutionary trajectory.
Tracking clues from our ancient past to the present, The Secret of Our Success explores how the evolution of both our cultural and social natures produce a collective intelligence that explains both our species' immense success and the origins of human uniqueness.
Описание: Imagine a human society, perhaps in pre-history, in which people were generally of a psychological kind with us, had the use of natural language to communicate with one another, but did not have any properly moral concepts in which to exhort one another to meet certain standards and to lodge related claims and complaints. According to The Birth of Ethics, the members of that society would have faced a set of pressures, and made a series of adjustments in response, sufficient to put them within reach of ethical concepts. Without any planning, they would have more or less inevitably evolved a way of using such concepts to articulate desirable patterns of behavior and to hold themselves and one another responsible to those standards. Sooner or later, they would have entered ethical space. While this central claim is developed as a thesis in conjectural history or genealogy, the aim of the exercise is philosophical. Assuming that it explains the emergence of concepts and practices that are more or less equivalent to ours, the story offers us an account of the nature and role of morality. It directs us to the function that ethics plays in human life and alerts us to the character in virtue of which it can serve that function. The emerging view of morality has implications for the standard range of questions in meta-ethics and moral psychology, and enables us to understand why there are divisions in normative ethics like that between consequentialist and Kantian approaches.
Автор: Schwartz Greene, Rebecca Название: Breaking point ISBN: 1531500269 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781531500269 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Рейтинг: Цена: 3762.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book informs the public for the first time about the impact of American psychiatry on soldiers during World War II. Breaking Point is the first in-depth history of American psychiatry in World War II. Drawn from unpublished primary documents, oral histories, and the author's personal interviews and correspondence over years with key psychiatric and military policymakers, it begins with Franklin Roosevelt's endorsement of a universal Selective Service psychiatric examination followed by Army and Navy pre- and post-induction examinations.
Ultimately, 2.5 million men and women were rejected or discharged from military service on neuropsychiatric grounds. Never before or since has the United States engaged in such a program. In designing Selective Service Medical Circular No.
1, psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan assumed psychiatrists could predict who might break down or falter in military service or even in civilian life thereafter. While many American and European psychiatrists questioned this belief, and huge numbers of American psychiatric casualties soon raised questions about screening's validity, psychiatric and military leaders persisted in 1942 and 1943 in endorsing ever tougher screening and little else. Soon, families complained of fathers and teens being drafted instead of being identified as psychiatric 4Fs, and Blacks and Native Americans, among others, complained of bias.
A frustrated General George S. Patton famously slapped two "malingering" neuropsychiatric patients in Sicily (a sentiment shared by Marshall and Eisenhower, though they favored a tamer style). Yet psychiatric rejections, evacuations, and discharges mounted.
While psychiatrist Roy Grinker and a few others treated soldiers close to the front in Tunisia in early 1943, this was the exception. But as demand for manpower soared and psychiatrists finally went to the field and saw that combat itself, not "predisposition," precipitated breakdown, leading military psychiatrists switched their emphasis from screening to prevention and treatment. But this switch was too little too late and slowed by a year-long series of Inspector General investigations even while numbers of psychiatric casualties soared.
Ironically, despite and even partly because of psychiatrists' wartime performance, plus the emotional toll of war, postwar America soon witnessed a dramatic growth in numbers, popularity, and influence of the profession, culminating in the National Mental Health Act (1946). But veterans with "PTSD," not recognized until 1980, were largely neglected.
Автор: Baumard Nicolas, Baumard N. Название: The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature ISBN: 0190210222 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780190210229 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 11497.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: In order to describe the logic of morality, "contractualist" philosophers have studied how individuals behave when they choose to follow their moral intuitions. These individuals, contractualists note, often act as if they have bargained and thus reached an agreement with others about how to distribute the benefits and burdens of mutual cooperation. Using this observation, such philosophers argue that the purpose of morality is to maximize the benefits of human interaction. The resulting "contract" analogy is both insightful and puzzling. On one hand, it captures the pattern of moral intuitions, thus answering questions about human cooperation: why do humans cooperate? Why should the distribution of benefits be proportionate to each person's contribution? Why should the punishment be proportionate to the crime? Why should the rights be proportionate to the duties? On the other hand, the analogy provides a mere as-if explanation for human cooperation, saying that cooperation is "as if" people have passed a contract-but since they didn't, why should it be so? To evolutionary thinkers, the puzzle of the missing contract is immediately reminiscent of the puzzle of the missing "designer" of life-forms, a puzzle that Darwin's theory of natural selection essentially resolved. Evolutionary and contractualist theory originally intersected at the work of philosophers John Rawls and David Gauthier, who argued that moral judgments are based on a sense of fairness that has been naturally selected. In this book, Nicolas Baumard further explores the theory that morality was originally an adaptation to the biological market of cooperation, an arena in which individuals competed to be selected for cooperative interactions. In this environment, Baumard suggests, the best strategy was to treat others with impartiality and to share the costs and benefits of cooperation in a fair way, so that those who offered less than others were left out of cooperation while those who offered more were exploited by their partners. It is with this evolutionary approach that Baumard ultimately accounts for the specific structure of human morality.
Автор: O`connor, Cailin Название: The Origins of unfairness ISBN: 0198789971 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780198789970 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 6277.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: In almost every human society some people get more and others get less. Why is inequity the rule in human societies? Philosopher Cailin O`Connor reveals how cultural evolution works on social categories such as race and gender to generate unfairness.
Автор: Stephanie Moser Название: Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins ISBN: 0801435498 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780801435492 Издательство: Wiley EDC Рейтинг: Цена: 13042.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание:
Pictorial reconstructions of ancient human ancestors have twin purposes: to make sense of shared ancestry and to bring prehistory to life. Stephanie Moser analyzes the close relationship between representations of the past and theories about human evolution, showing how this relationship existed even before a scientific understanding of human origins developed. How did mythological, religious, and historically inspired visions of the past, in existence for centuries, shape this understanding? Moser treats images as primary documents, and her book is lavishly illustrated with engravings, paintings, photographs, and reconstructions.
In surveying the iconography of prehistory, Moser explores visions of human creation from their origins in classical, early Christian, and medieval periods through traditions of representation initiated in the Renaissance. She looks closely at the first scientific reconstructions of the nineteenth century, which dramatized and made comprehensible the Darwinian theory of human descent from apes. She considers, as well, the impact of reconstructions on popular literature in Europe and North America, showing that early visualizations of prehistory retained a firm hold on the imagination—a hold that archaeologists and anthropologists have found difficult to shake.
Автор: Bernard Michaux Название: Biogeology: Evolution in a Changing Landscape ISBN: 0367147238 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780367147235 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 23734.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This detailed expositon gives background and context to how modern biogeography has got to where it is now. For biogeographers and other researchers interested in biodiversity and the evolution of life on islands, it provides an overview of a large swathe of the globe encompassing Wallace and the western Pacific.
Автор: Bernard Michaux Название: Biogeology: Evolution in a Changing Landscape ISBN: 0367147939 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780367147938 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 56654.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This detailed expositon gives background and context to how modern biogeography has got to where it is now. For biogeographers and other researchers interested in biodiversity and the evolution of life on islands, it provides an overview of a large swathe of the globe encompassing Wallace and the western Pacific.
Автор: Joyce, Richard (victoria University Of Wellington) Название: Evolution of morality ISBN: 0262600722 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780262600729 Издательство: Random House (USA) Рейтинг: Цена: 2759.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: A consideration of whether the human capacity to make moral judgments is innate and, if so, what implications follow; combines philosophical discussion with the latest findings from the empirical sciences.
Автор: Idella J. Gallagher Название: Morality in Evolution ISBN: 9401700346 ISBN-13(EAN): 9789401700344 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 10610.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion is not a book to leave one indifferent. It was in his critique of Les Deux Sources that Jacques Maritain was moved to call the philosophy of Henri Bergson one of the most daring and profound of our time.
Название: Evolution, Human Behaviour and Morality ISBN: 1472451740 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472451743 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 24499.00 р. Наличие на складе: Нет в наличии.
Автор: Thompson R. Paul Название: Evolution, Morality and the Fabric of Society ISBN: 1009244914 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781009244916 Издательство: Cambridge University Press Рейтинг: Цена: 16817.00 р. Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Derives and justifies moral principles, naturalistically, from evolved human behavioural propensities (reciprocity, cooperation, empathy) and cognitive capacities (rationality, behavioural modification).
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