Basher stem junior: science, O`callaghan, Jonathan (author)

Автор: O`callaghan, Jonathan (author)
Название: Basher stem junior: maths
ISBN: 0753445131 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780753445136
Издательство: Pan Macmillan
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Цена: 1038.00 р.
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Описание: Explore the core subject of maths in this engaging book from the world of STEM

Автор: O`callaghan, Jonathan (author)
Название: Basher stem junior: engineering
ISBN: 075344514X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780753445143
Издательство: Pan Macmillan
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Описание: Explore the core subject of engineering in this engaging book from the world of STEM

Автор: O`callaghan, Jonathan (author)
Название: Basher stem junior: technology
ISBN: 0753445158 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780753445150
Издательство: Pan Macmillan
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Описание: Explore the core subject of technology in this engaging book from the world of STEM

Автор: O`Callaghan Joseph F.
Название: The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada
ISBN: 0812245873 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780812245875
Издательство: Wiley EDC
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Описание:

By the middle of the fourteenth century, Christian control of the Iberian Peninsula extended to the borders of the emirate of Granada, whose Muslim rulers acknowledged Castilian suzerainty. No longer threatened by Moroccan incursions, the kings of Castile were diverted from completing the Reconquest by civil war and conflicts with neighboring Christian kings. Mindful, however, of their traditional goal of recovering lands formerly ruled by the Visigoths, whose heirs they claimed to be, the Castilian monarchs continued intermittently to assault Granada until the late fifteenth century.
Matters changed thereafter, when Fernando and Isabel launched a decade-long effort to subjugate Granada. Utilizing artillery and expending vast sums of money, they methodically conquered each Na?rid stronghold until the capitulation of the city of Granada itself in 1492. Effective military and naval organization and access to a diversity of financial resources, joined with papal crusading benefits, facilitated the final conquest. Throughout, the Na?rids had emphasized the urgency of a jih?d waged against the Christian infidels, while the Castilians affirmed that the expulsion of the "enemies of our Catholic faith" was a necessary, just, and holy cause. The fundamentally religious character of this last stage of conflict cannot be doubted, Joseph F. O'Callaghan argues.